What do you think?
Rate this book
352 pages, Hardcover
First published December 22, 2009
tasks that included a social-evaluative threat (such as threats to self-esteem or social status), in which others could negatively judge performance … provoked larger and more reliable cortisol changes than stressors without these particular threats … suggesting that ‘Human beings are driven to preserve the social self and are vigilant to threats that may jeopardize their social esteem or status’.
In Japan, people choose a much more self-deprecating and self-critical way of presenting themselves, which contrasts sharply with the much more self-enhancing style in the USA. While American s are more likely to attribute individual success to their own abilities and their failures to external factors, the Japanese tend to do just the opposite. (44)
’Liberty’ meant not being subservient or beholden to the feudal nobility and landed aristocracy … ‘fraternity’ reflects a desire for greater mutuality and reciprocity in social relations … and ‘equality’ comes into the picture as a precondition for getting the other two right. (45)
For a species which thrives on friendship and enjoys co-operation and trust, which has a strong sense of fairness, which is equipped with mirror neurons allowing us to learn our way of life through a process of identification, it is clear that social structures which create relationships based on inequality, inferiority and social exclusion must inflict a great deal of social pain. In this light we can perhaps begin not only to see why more unequal societies are so socially dysfunctional but, through that, perhaps also to feel more confident that a more humane society may be a great deal more practical than the highly unequal ones in which so many of us live now.
Reducing inequality would not only make the economic system more stable, it would also make a major contribution to social and environmental sustainability.
Modern societies will depend increasingly on being creative, adaptable, inventive, well-informed and flexible communities … Those are characteristics not of societies in hock to the rich, in which people are driven by status insecurities, but of populations used to working together and respecting each other as equals … we must try to bring about a shift in public values so that instead of inspiring admiration and envy, conspicuous consumption is seen as part of the problem, a sign of greed and unfairness which damages society and the planet.
Martin Luther King said, ‘The moral arc of the universe is long, but it bends toward justice’. Given that in human prehistory we lived in remarkably equal societies, maintaining a steady state – or sustainable – way of life in what some have called ‘the original affluent society’, it is perhaps right to think of it as an arc, curving back to very basic human principles of fairness and equality …